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<title>Atlantic Charter</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Atlantic Charter</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Atlantic declaration" redirects here. For the 2023 economic agreement between the US and the UK, see <a href="2023_in_United_Kingdom_politics_and_government#June" title="2023 in United Kingdom politics and government">2023 in United Kingdom politics and government § June</a>.</div>

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</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary">Atlantic Conference<br><small><i>Codename: Riviera</i></small></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> and <a href="Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> at the Atlantic Conference</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Host country</th><td class="infobox-data plainlist"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland"></a></span></span> <a href="Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">9–12 August 1941</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Venues</th><td class="infobox-data location"><a href="Naval_Station_Argentia" title="Naval Station Argentia">Naval Station Argentia</a>, <a href="Placentia_Bay" title="Placentia Bay">Placentia Bay</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Participants</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="United_States" title="United States"></a></span></span> <a href="Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a><br><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"></a></span></span> <a href="Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Follows</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Declaration_of_St_James's_Palace" title="Declaration of St James's Palace">First Inter-Allied Conference</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Precedes</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Declaration_by_United_Nations" title="Declaration by United Nations">Declaration by United Nations</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Key points</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="text-align:left">

Atlantic Charter</div></td></tr></tbody></table>

<p>The <b>Atlantic Charter</b> was a statement issued on 14 August 1941 that set out American and British goals for the world after the end of <a href="World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, months before the US officially entered the war. The joint statement, later dubbed the Atlantic Charter, outlined the aims of the United States and the United Kingdom for the postwar world as follows: no territorial aggrandizement, no territorial changes made against the wishes of the people (<a href="Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>), restoration of self-government to those deprived of it, reduction of trade restrictions, global co-operation to secure better economic and social conditions for all, freedom from fear and want, freedom of the seas, abandonment of the use of force, and disarmament of aggressor nations. The charter's adherents signed the <a href="Declaration_by_United_Nations" title="Declaration by United Nations">Declaration by United Nations</a> on 1 January 1942, which was the basis for the modern United Nations.

</p><p>The Atlantic Charter was developed at the Atlantic Conference (Codename: Riviera) of World War II; which took place from 9–12 August 1941.

</p><p>The charter inspired several other international agreements and events after the war. The dismantling of the <a href="British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, the formation of <a href="NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, and the <a href="General_Agreement_on_Tariffs_and_Trade" title="General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade">General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade</a> all derived from the Atlantic Charter. In 2021, a document titled the <a href="New_Atlantic_Charter" title="New Atlantic Charter">New Atlantic Charter</a> was signed by United States president <a href="Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> and British prime minister <a href="Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a> at their first meeting in <a href="Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>, England.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div>

<p>The <a href="Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies of World War II</a> first expressed their principles and vision for the world after the war in the <a href="Declaration_of_St_James's_Palace" title="Declaration of St James's Palace">Declaration of St. James's Palace</a> in June 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="Anglo-Soviet_Agreement" title="Anglo-Soviet Agreement">Anglo-Soviet Agreement</a> was signed in July 1941 and formed an alliance between the two countries.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>United States president <a href="Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> and British prime minister <a href="Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> discussed what would become the Atlantic Charter in August 1941 during the Atlantic Conference in <a href="Placentia_Bay" title="Placentia Bay">Placentia Bay</a>, <a href="Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They made their joint declaration on 14 August 1941 from the US naval base on the bay, <a href="Naval_Base_Argentia" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Base Argentia">Naval Base Argentia</a>, which had recently been leased from Britain as part of the <a href="Destroyers-for-bases_deal" title="Destroyers-for-bases deal">Destroyers-for-bases deal</a>. The US did not enter the war as a combatant until the <a href="Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">attack on Pearl Harbor</a>, four months later. Since the policy was issued as a statement, there was no formal, legal document called "Atlantic Charter."

</p><p>Many of the charter's ideas came from an ideology of Anglo-American internationalism, which sought British-American co-operation for international security.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt's attempts to tie Britain to concrete war aims and Churchill's desperation to bind the US to the war effort helped to provide motivations for the meeting that produced the Atlantic Charter. It was assumed at the time in Britain that the British and the Americans would have an equal role to play in any postwar international organization that would be based on the charter's principles.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Churchill and Roosevelt began communicating in 1939, the first of their 13 meetings during the war; however, it was not their first meeting, since they had attended the same dinner at <a href="Gray's_Inn" title="Gray's Inn">Gray's Inn</a> on 29 July 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-gunther1950_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gunther1950-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both men traveled in secret; Roosevelt was on a ten-day fishing trip.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>On 9 August 1941, the British battleship <a href="HMS_Prince_of_Wales_(53)" title="HMS Prince of Wales (53)">HMS <i>Prince of Wales</i></a> steamed into <a href="Placentia_Bay" title="Placentia Bay">Placentia Bay</a>, with Churchill on board, and escorted by the destroyers <a href="USS_Shubrick_(DD-268)" title="USS Shubrick (DD-268)">HMS <i>Ripley</i></a>, <a href="HMS_Kempenfelt_(I18)" title="HMS Kempenfelt (I18)">HMCS <i>Assiniboine</i></a> and <a href="HMS_Comet_(H00)" title="HMS Comet (H00)">HMCS <i>Restigouche</i></a>, and met the American heavy cruiser <a href="USS_Augusta_(CA-31)" title="USS Augusta (CA-31)">USS <i>Augusta</i></a>, where Roosevelt and members of his staff were waiting. <i>Augusta</i> was escorted by the cruiser <a href="USS_Tuscaloosa_(CA-37)" title="USS Tuscaloosa (CA-37)">USS <i>Tuscaloosa</i></a>, and the destroyers <a href="USS_McDougal_(DD-358)" title="USS McDougal (DD-358)">USS <i>McDougal</i></a>, <a href="USS_Madison_(DD-425)" title="USS Madison (DD-425)">USS <i>Madison</i></a>, <a href="USS_Moffett_(DD-362)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Moffett (DD-362)">USS <i>Moffett</i></a>, <a href="USS_Sampson_(DD-394)" title="USS Sampson (DD-394)">USS <i>Sampson</i></a>, and <a href="USS_Winslow_(DD-359)" title="USS Winslow (DD-359)">USS <i>Winslow</i></a>.

Once they met, Churchill and Roosevelt were silent for a moment until Churchill said, "At long last, Mr. President." Roosevelt replied, "Glad to have you aboard, Mr. Churchill."

</p><p>Churchill then delivered a letter from King <a href="George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a> to Roosevelt and made an official statement, but a movie sound crew that was present failed to record it despite two attempts.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Participants">Participants</h2></div>

<p>The participants in the conference were:<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<dl><dt><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="United_States" title="United States">United States of America</a></dt></dl>

<ul><li>President <a href="Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></li>

<li>Admiral <a href="Ernest_J._King" title="Ernest J. King">Ernest J. King</a>, US Navy</li>

<li>Admiral <a href="Harold_R._Stark" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold R. Stark">Harold R. Stark</a>, US Navy</li>

<li>General <a href="George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George C. Marshall</a>, US Army</li>

<li>Major General <a href="Henry_H._Arnold" title="Henry H. Arnold">Henry H. Arnold</a>, US Army Air Forces</li>

<li>Presidential adviser <a href="Harry_Hopkins" title="Harry Hopkins">Harry Hopkins</a></li>

<li>Special envoy to Europe <a href="W._Averell_Harriman" title="W. Averell Harriman">W. Averell Harriman</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</a></dt></dl>

<ul><li>Prime Minister <a href="Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></li>

<li>General <a href="Sir_John_Dill" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir John Dill">Sir John Dill</a>, British Army</li>

<li>Admiral of the Fleet <a href="Sir_Dudley_Pound" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Dudley Pound">Sir Dudley Pound</a>, Royal Navy</li>

<li>Air Chief Marshal <a href="Wilfred_Freeman" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilfred Freeman">Sir Wilfred Freeman</a>, Royal Air Force</li>

<li><a href="Permanent_Under-Secretary_of_State_for_Foreign_Affairs" title="Permanent Under-Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs">Permanent Under-Secretary</a>, Sir <a href="Alexander_Cadogan" title="Alexander Cadogan">Alexander Cadogan</a></li>

<li><a href="Minister_of_Supply" title="Minister of Supply">Minister of Supply</a>, <a href="Lord_Beaverbrook" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Beaverbrook">Lord Beaverbrook</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt><span class="flagicon nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span></span></span> </span><a href="Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Dominion of Newfoundland</a></dt></dl>

<ul><li>Governor Vice-Admiral <a href="Humphrey_Walwyn" title="Humphrey Walwyn">Sir Humphrey Walwyn</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Content_and_analysis">Content and analysis</h2></div>

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</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:345px;max-width:345px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>'s edited copy of the final draft of the charter</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:179px;max-width:179px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Printed copy of the Atlantic Charter</div></div></div></div></div>

<p>The Atlantic Charter made it clear that the United States supported Britain in the war. Both wanted to present their unity regarding their mutual principles and hopes for a peaceful postwar world and the policies that they agreed to follow once Germany had been defeated.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A fundamental aim was to focus on the peace that would follow, not specific American involvement and war strategy, although American involvement appeared increasingly likely.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>There were eight principal clauses of the charter:

</p>

<ol><li>No territorial gains were to be sought by the United States or the United Kingdom.</li>

<li>Territorial adjustments must be in accord with the wishes of the peoples concerned.</li>

<li>All people had a right to <a href="Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>.</li>

<li><a href="Trade_barriers" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade barriers">Trade barriers</a> were to be lowered.</li>

<li>There was to be global economic co-operation and advancement of social welfare.</li>

<li>The participants would work for a world free of want and fear.</li>

<li>The participants would work for <a href="Freedom_of_the_seas" title="Freedom of the seas">freedom of the seas</a>.</li>

<li>There was to be disarmament of aggressor nations and a common disarmament after the war.</li></ol>

<p>The fourth clause, with respect to international trade, consciously emphasized that both "victor [and] vanquished" would be given market access "on equal terms." That was a repudiation of the punitive trade relations that had been established within Europe after <a href="World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, as exemplified by the <a href="Paris_Economy_Pact" title="Paris Economy Pact">Paris Economy Pact</a>.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_of_name">Origin of name</h2></div>

<p>When it was released to the public on 14 August 1941,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the charter was titled "Joint Declaration by the President and the Prime Minister" and was generally known as the "Joint Declaration." The <a href="Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> newspaper <i><a href="Daily_Herald_(UK_newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Herald (UK newspaper)">Daily Herald</a></i> coined the name <i>Atlantic Charter</i>. Churchill used the term in the <a href="British_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="British Parliament">British Parliament</a> on 24 August 1941, and it has since been generally adopted.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>No signed version ever existed. The document was threshed out through several drafts, and the final agreed text was telegraphed to London and Washington, DC. Roosevelt gave Congress the charter's content on 21 August 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later said, "There isn't any copy of the Atlantic Charter, so far as I know. I haven't got one. The British haven't got one. The nearest thing you will get is the [message of the] radio operator on <i>Augusta</i> and <i>Prince of Wales</i>. That's the nearest thing you will come to it.... There was no formal document."<sup id="cite_ref-gunther1950_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gunther1950-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The <a href="British_War_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="British War Cabinet">British War Cabinet</a> replied with its approval, and a similar acceptance was telegraphed from Washington. During the process, an error crept into the London text, but it was subsequently corrected. The account in Churchill's <i><a href="The_Second_World_War_(book_series)" title="The Second World War (book series)">The Second World War</a></i> concluded, "A number of verbal alterations were agreed, and the document was then in its final shape." It made no mention of any signing or ceremony.

</p><p>Churchill's account of the <a href="Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a> quoted Roosevelt as saying of the unwritten <a href="British_constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="British constitution">British constitution</a> that "it was like the Atlantic Charter – the document did not exist, yet all the world knew about it. Among his papers he had found one copy signed by himself and me, but strange to say both signatures were in his own handwriting."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Acceptance_by_Inter-Allied_Council_and_United_Nations">Acceptance by Inter-Allied Council and United Nations</h2></div>

<p>At the meeting of the Inter-Allied Council in London on 24 September 1941, the <a href="List_of_governments_in_exile_during_World_War_II" title="List of governments in exile during World War II">governments-in-exile</a> of <a href="Belgian_government_in_exile" title="Belgian government in exile">Belgium</a>, <a href="Czechoslovak_government-in-exile" title="Czechoslovak government-in-exile">Czechoslovakia</a>, <a href="Greek_government-in-exile" title="Greek government-in-exile">Greece</a>, <a href="Luxembourg_government_in_exile" title="Luxembourg government in exile">Luxembourg</a>, <a href="Dutch_government-in-exile" title="Dutch government-in-exile">the Netherlands</a>, <a href="Nygaardsvold's_Cabinet" title="Nygaardsvold's Cabinet">Norway</a>, <a href="Polish_government-in-exile" title="Polish government-in-exile">Poland</a>, and <a href="Yugoslav_government-in-exile" title="Yugoslav government-in-exile">Yugoslavia</a>, together with the <a href="Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and representatives of the <a href="Free_French_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Free French Forces">Free French Forces</a>, unanimously adopted adherence to the common principles of policy set forth by Britain and United States.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>On 1 January 1942, a larger group of nations, which adhered to the charter's principles, issued a joint <a href="Declaration_by_United_Nations" title="Declaration by United Nations">Declaration by United Nations</a>, which stressed their solidarity in the defence against Hitlerism.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact_on_Axis_powers">Impact on Axis powers</h2></div>

<p>The <a href="Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a>, particularly Japan, interpreted the diplomatic agreements as a potential alliance against them. In Tokyo, the Atlantic Charter rallied support for the militarists in the Japanese government, which pushed for a more aggressive approach against the United States and Britain.

</p><p>The British dropped millions of flysheets over Germany to allay its fears of a punitive peace that would destroy the German state. The text cited the charter as the authoritative statement of the joint commitment of Britain and the United States "not to admit any economical discrimination of those defeated" and promised that "Germany and the other states can again achieve enduring peace and prosperity."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The most striking feature of the discussion was that an agreement had been made between a range of countries that held diverse opinions, which accepted that internal policies were relevant to the international situation.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The charter proved to be one of the first steps towards the formation of the United Nations.

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact_on_imperial_powers_and_imperial_ambitions">Impact on imperial powers and imperial ambitions</h2></div>

<p>The problems came not from <a href="Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a> and <a href="Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a> but the allies that had empires and so resisted self-determination, especially the United Kingdom, <a href="France" title="France">France</a>, the <a href="Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, and the <a href="Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>.

</p><p>Initially, Roosevelt and Churchill appeared to have agreed that the third point of the charter would not apply to Africa and Asia. However, Roosevelt's speechwriter, <a href="Robert_E._Sherwood" title="Robert E. Sherwood">Robert E. Sherwood</a>, noted that "it was not long before the people of India, <a href="Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>, <a href="British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a>, and <a href="Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> were beginning to ask if the Atlantic Charter extended also to the Pacific and to Asia in general."

</p><p>With a war that could be won only with the help of those allies, Roosevelt's solution was to put some pressure on Britain but to postpone the issue of self-determination of the colonies until after the war.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_Empire">British Empire</h3></div>

<p>The acknowledgment that all people had a right to self-determination gave hope to independence leaders in <a href="British_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="British colonies">British colonies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Americans insisted that the charter was to acknowledge that the war was being fought to ensure self-determination.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>However, the British initially rejected the application of this charter to <a href="British_Empire" title="British Empire">their empire</a>. Churchill, a right-wing politician, rejected its universal applicability when it came to the self-determination of subject nations such as <a href="British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a>. Churchill further added that he did not become Prime Minister to administer the liquidation of the British Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-i203_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-i203-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a September 1941 speech, Churchill said the charter was meant to apply only to states under German occupation, not to those that were part of the British Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Churchill and other British government figures argued that British colonies never had "sovereign rights", thus there was no pre-existing sovereign government to restore to power after the war.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p><a href="Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> in 1942 wrote to Roosevelt: "I venture to think that the Allied declaration that the Allies are fighting to make the world safe for the freedom of the individual and for democracy sounds hollow so long as India and for that matter Africa are exploited by Great Britain...."<sup id="cite_ref-Sathasivam_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sathasivam-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Self-determination was Roosevelt's guiding principle, but he was reluctant to place pressure on the British in regard to India and other colonial possessions, as they were fighting for their lives in a war in which the United States was not officially participating.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gandhi refused to help the British or the American war effort against Germany and Japan in any way, and Roosevelt chose to back Churchill.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Gandhi launched the <a href="Quit_India_Movement" title="Quit India Movement">Quit India Movement</a>, the British recruited about 2.5 million from India, the largest ever volunteer force in the world, to fight for the Allies, mostly in West Asia and North Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-CWrepdirect_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CWrepdirect-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>However, Roosevelt was still in principle willing to support the claims European colonies such as India to independence once the war was over, raising the issue with Churchill frequently even if Churchill refused to engage with it. Roosevelt encouraged other leaders such as <a href="Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> to lobby over it during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also did not support some of Churchill's proposals that he believed were intended to secure Britain's empire post-war, such as one for an expanded Mediterranean strategy that would increase British presence in the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt believed that Churchill was being obstinate on the matter and refusing to recognise changing geopolitical realities.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the <a href="Tehran_Conference" title="Tehran Conference">Tehran Conference</a> in 1943, Roosevelt supported <a href="Josef_Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Josef Stalin">Josef Stalin</a> against Churchill on imperial matters, such as opposing to return <a href="French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">Indochina</a> to France and even privately suggesting to the Soviet leader that the US and Soviet Union work together to help reform an independent India "from the bottom, somewhat on the Soviet line", although Stalin dismissed the idea.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland">Poland</h3></div>

<p>Churchill was unhappy with the inclusion of references to the right to self-determination and stated that he considered the charter an "interim and partial statement of war aims designed to reassure all countries of our righteous purpose and not the complete structure which we should build after the victory." An office of the <a href="Polish_government-in-exile" title="Polish government-in-exile">Polish government-in-exile</a> wrote to warn <a href="W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Sikorski" title="Władysław Sikorski">Władysław Sikorski</a> that if the charter was implemented with regard to national self-determination, it would prevent the desired Polish annexation of <a href="Danzig" class="mw-redirect" title="Danzig">Danzig</a>, <a href="East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a> and parts of German <a href="Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a>. That led the Poles to approach Britain to ask for a flexible interpretation of the charter.<sup id="cite_ref-Google_books_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Google_books-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baltic_states">Baltic states</h3></div>

<p>During the war, Churchill argued for an interpretation of the charter that would allow the Soviet Union to continue to control the <a href="Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a>, an interpretation that was rejected by the United States until March 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-whitcomb_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whitcomb-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="Lord_Beaverbrook" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Beaverbrook">Lord Beaverbrook</a> warned that the charter "would be a menace to our [Britain's] own safety as well as to that of the Soviet Union." The United States refused to recognize the Soviet takeover of the Baltic states but did not press the issue against Stalin while he was fighting the Germans.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roosevelt planned to raise the Baltic issue after the war, but he died in April 1945, before the fighting had ended in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morocco">Morocco</h3></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="French_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="French protectorate in Morocco">French protectorate in Morocco</a> and <a href="Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="Spanish protectorate in Morocco">Spanish protectorate in Morocco</a></div>

<p>The Atlantic Charter was also used by Moroccan nationalists to lay claim to independence. Like many other Asian and African elites, Moroccan anti-colonial organizations interpreted the charter as anti-colonial manifesto and in return called for "the fall of the so-called protectorate" in front of the French and Spanish colonial administrations.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2021_revitalization">2021 revitalization</h2></div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="New_Atlantic_Charter" title="New Atlantic Charter">New Atlantic Charter</a></div>

<p>On 10 June 2021, a revised version of the original Atlantic Charter was issued between US president <a href="Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> and UK prime minister <a href="Boris_Johnson" title="Boris Johnson">Boris Johnson</a> in <a href="Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>, England.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A statement issued by the White House described the new "revitalized" Atlantic Charter as aimed to meet the "new challenges of the 21st century," while also "building on the commitments and aspirations set out eighty years ago."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p>

<ul><li><a href="Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied technological cooperation during World War II</a></li>

<li><a href="Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies of World War II</a></li>

<li><a href="Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomatic history of World War II</a></li>

<li><a href="Fourteen_Points" title="Fourteen Points">Fourteen Points</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_the_United_Nations" title="History of the United Nations">History of the United Nations</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">List of Allied World War II conferences</a></li>

<li><a href="Tizard_Mission" title="Tizard Mission">Tizard Mission</a></li>

<li><a href="United_Kingdom%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="United Kingdom–United States relations">United Kingdom–United States relations</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/biden-johnson-sign-new-atlantic-charter-trade-defense-amid-covid-n1270282">"Biden, Johnson sign new Atlantic Charter on trade, defense amid Covid recovery"</a>. <i>NBC News</i>. 10 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/sections/history-united-nations-charter/1941-declaration-st-james-palace/index.html">"1941: The Declaration of St. James' Palace"</a>. United Nations. 25 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/anglo-soviet-agreement/zb3pwty">"Anglo-Soviet Agreement"</a>. <i>BBC Archive</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Langer and Gleason, chapter 21</span>

</li>

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-gunther1950-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gunther1950_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gunther1950_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gunther, pp. 15–16</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weigold, pp. 15–16</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gratwick, p. 72</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010128060300/http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/sh-fornv/uk/uksh-p/pow12.htm">"British Navy Ships--HMS Prince of Wales (1941–1941)"</a>. <i>www.history.navy.mil</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/sh-fornv/uk/uksh-p/pow12.htm">the original</a> on 28 January 2001.</cite> </span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBakerNeary2016" class="citation journal cs1">Baker, Melvin; Neary, Peter (25 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/nflds/article/view/25779/29900">"Governor Sir Humphrey Walwyn's Account of His Meetings with Churchill and Roosevelt, Placentia Bay, Newfoundland, August 1941"</a>. <i>Newfoundland & Labrador Studies</i>. <b>31</b> (1).</cite> </span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stone, p. 5</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">O'Sullivan</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/milestones/1937-1945/atlantic-conf">"Milestones: 1937–1945"</a>. <i>history.state.gov</i>. <a href="Office_of_the_Historian" title="Office of the Historian">Office of the Historian</a>, U.S. Department of State<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wrigley, p. 29</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/atcmess.asp">"President Roosevelt's message to Congress on the Atlantic Charter"</a>. <i>The Avalon Project</i>. Lillian Goldman Law Library. 21 August 1941<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Churchill, p. 393</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/interall.asp">"Inter-Allied Council Statement on the Principles of the Atlantic Charter"</a>. <i>The Avalon Project</i>. Lillian Goldman Law Library. 24 September 1941<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/decade03.asp">"Joint Declaration by the United Nations"</a>. <i>The Avalon Project</i>. Lillian Goldman Law Library. 1 January 1942<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sauer, p. 407</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stone, p. 80</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Borgwardt, p. 29</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bayly and Harper</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Louis (1985) pp. 395–420</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-i203-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-i203_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFMehta" class="citation book cs1">Mehta, B.L.G.A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yc64EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA319"><i>A New Look at Modern Indian History : From 1707 to The Modern Times</i></a>. S. Chand Publishing. p. 319. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-93-5501-683-6</bdi><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crawford, p. 297</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-:0-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFElkins2022" class="citation book cs1">Elkins, Caroline (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3icqEAAAQBAJ"><i>Legacy of Violence: A History of the British Empire</i></a>. Knopf Doubleday. p. 257. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-593-32008-2</bdi>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Sathasivam-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sathasivam_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sathasivam, p. 59</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph P. Lash, <i>Roosevelt and Churchill, 1939–1941</i>, W. W. Norton & Company, New York, 1976, pp. 447–448.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Louis, (2006), p. 400</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-CWrepdirect-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CWrepdirect_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130102124717/http://www.cwgc.org/foreverindia/memorials/2nd-world-war.php">"Second World War Memorials"</a>. <a href="Commonwealth_War_Graves_Commission" title="Commonwealth War Graves Commission">Commonwealth War Graves Commission</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cwgc.org/foreverindia/memorials/2nd-world-war.php">the original</a> on 2 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kimball, Warren F. The juggler: Franklin Roosevelt as wartime statesman. Princeton University Press, 1994, pg. 133-135</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hamilton, Nigel. The Mantle of Command: FDR at War, 1941-1942. Biteback Publishing, 2016., page 4</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herman, A. (2009). Gandhi & Churchill: The Epic Rivalry that Destroyed an Empire and Forged Our Age. Random House, pg 520-521</span>

</li>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Black, Jeremy. The age of total war, 1860–1945. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2010, page 143</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Costigliola, Frank. Roosevelt's lost alliances: how personal politics helped start the Cold War. Princeton University Press, 2011, pg 200</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Google_books-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Google_books_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prażmowska, p. 93</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-whitcomb-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-whitcomb_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whitcomb, p. 18;</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Louis (1998), p. 224</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoopes and Brinkley, p. 52</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFStenner2019" class="citation book cs1">Stenner, David (2019). <i>Globalizing Morocco : transnational activism and the post-colonial state</i>. Stanford, California. p. 21. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-5036-0900-6</bdi>. <a href="OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1082294927">1082294927</a>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)</span></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSangerShear2021" class="citation news cs1">Sanger, David E.; Shear, Michael D. (10 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/10/world/europe/biden-johnson-atlantic-charter.html">"Eighty Years Later, Biden and Johnson Revise the Atlantic Charter for a New Era"</a>. <i><a href="The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/06/10/the-new-atlantic-charter/">"The New Atlantic Charter"</a>. The White House. 10 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3></div>

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<li><cite id="CITEREFBorgwardt2007" class="citation book cs1">Borgwardt, Elizabeth (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6ajJoFFKv18C"><i>A new deal for the world: America's vision for human rights</i></a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-674-28191-2</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFCharmley2001" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Charmley, John (2001). "Churchill and the American Alliance". <i>Transactions of the Royal Historical Society</i>. Sixth Series 11: <span class="nowrap">353–</span>371. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0080440101000184">10.1017/S0080440101000184</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0080-4401">0080-4401</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3679428">3679428</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154790604">154790604</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFChurchill2010" class="citation book cs1">Churchill, Winston (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VArC_rYqimoC"><i>Triumph and Tragedy: The Second World War</i></a>. RosettaBooks. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7953-1147-5</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFCrawford2002" class="citation book cs1">Crawford, Neta C. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VMF_-aVJSE4C"><i>Argument and Change in World Politics: Ethics, Decolonization, and Humanitarian Intervention</i></a>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-521-00279-0</bdi>.</cite>)</li>

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<li><cite id="CITEREFGunther1950" class="citation book cs1">Gunther, John (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rooseveltinretro00gunt"><i>Roosevelt in retrospect: a profile in history</i></a>. New York: Harper & Brothers.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHoopesBrinkley2000" class="citation book cs1">Hoopes, Townsend; Brinkley, Douglas (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OztJcfbnpDsC"><i>FDR and the Creation of the U.N.</i></a> New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-300-08553-2</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLangerGleason1953" class="citation book cs1">Langer, William L.; Gleason, S. Everett (1953). <i>The Undeclared War 1940–1941: The World Crisis and American Foreign Policy</i>. Harper & Brothers. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-258-76698-6</bdi>.</cite> <span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{cite book}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-hidden-error citation-comment">ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)</span></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLauren2011" class="citation book cs1">Lauren, Paul Gordon (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=efV5wvpUjDgC&pg=PA140"><i>The Evolution of International Human Rights: Visions Seen</i></a>. U of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8122-2138-1</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLouis1985" class="citation journal cs1">Louis, William Roger (Summer 1985). "American Anti-Colonialism and the Dissolution of the British Empire". <i><a href="International_Affairs_(journal)" title="International Affairs (journal)">International Affairs</a></i>. <b>61</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">395–</span>420. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2618660">10.2307/2618660</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0020-5850">0020-5850</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2618660">2618660</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLouis2006" class="citation book cs1">Louis, William Roger (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NQnpQNKeKKAC"><i>Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez and Decolonization</i></a>. London: I.B.Tauris. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-84511-347-6</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFLouis1998" class="citation book cs1">Louis, William Roger (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0B4NHZlW1pwC"><i>More adventures with Britannia: Personalities, Politics and Culture in Britain</i></a>. London: I.B.Tauris. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-86064-293-7</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFO'Sullivan2008" class="citation book cs1">O'Sullivan, Christopher D. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SGQXAQAAIAAJ"><i>Sumner Welles, Post-War Planning and the Quest for a New World Order 1937–1943</i></a>. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-231-14258-8</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFPrażmowska1995" class="citation book cs1">Prażmowska, Anita (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z4J2c4jEhjYC"><i>Britain and Poland, 1939–1943: the betrayed ally</i></a>. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-521-48385-8</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSauer1955" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sauer, Ernst (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zrg3AAAAIAAJ"><i>Grundlehre des Völkerrechts, 2nd edition</i></a> (in German). Cologne: Carl Heymanns.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSathasivam2005" class="citation book cs1">Sathasivam, Kanishkan (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Sy0YB7LLzlUC"><i>'Uneasy Neighbors: India, Pakistan, and US Foreign Policy</i></a>. Surrey, UK: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7546-3762-2</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFStone1942" class="citation journal cs1">Stone, Julius (June 1942). "Peace Planning and the Atlantic Charter". <i><a href="Australian_Quarterly" title="Australian Quarterly">Australian Quarterly</a></i>. <b>14</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">5–</span>22. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20631017">10.2307/20631017</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0005-0091">0005-0091</a>. <a href="JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20631017">20631017</a>.</cite></li>

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<li><cite id="CITEREFWeigold2008" class="citation book cs1">Weigold, Auriol (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Husn69M_bKEC&pg=PA15"><i>Churchill, Roosevelt and India: Propaganda During World War II</i></a>. Taylor & Francis US. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-203-89450-7</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFWrigley2002" class="citation book cs1">Wrigley, Chris (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HBUslUOGOgkC&pg=PA29"><i>Winston Churchill: A Biographical Companion</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-87436-990-8</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

<ul><li><cite id="CITEREFBeschloss2003" class="citation book cs1">Beschloss, Michael R. (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780743244541"><i>The Conquerors: Roosevelt, Truman and the Destruction of Hitler's Germany, 1941–1945</i></a></span>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-7432-4454-1</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFBrinkleyFacey-Crowther1994" class="citation book cs1">Brinkley, Douglas G.; Facey-Crowther, David, eds. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NNkLsMHtnPAC"><i>The Atlantic Charter</i></a>. Basingstoke, Hampshire, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-312-08930-6</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFHein2013" class="citation journal cs1">Hein, David (July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh-hq.org/jmh/jmhvols/773.html">"Vulnerable: HMS <i>Prince of Wales</i> in 1941"</a>. <i>Journal of Military History</i>. <b>77</b> (3).</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFJordan2015" class="citation book cs1">Jordan, Jonathan W. (2015). <i>American Warlords: How Roosevelt's High Command Led America to Victory in World War II</i>. Dutton Caliber.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFKimball1997" class="citation book cs1">Kimball, Warren (1997). <i>Forged in war: Churchill, Roosevelt and the Second World War</i>. New York: HarperCollins. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-06-203484-7</bdi>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSmith2008" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Jean Edward (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gvskicb_UTsC"><i>FDR</i></a>. New York: Random House LLC. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-8129-7049-4</bdi>.</cite></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Charter" class="extiw external" title="commons:Atlantic Charter"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Atlantic Charter</span></a>.</div></div>

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<div class="side-box-text plainlist">English <a href="Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article:

<div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/en:The_Atlantic_Charter" class="extiw external" title="s:en:The Atlantic Charter">The Atlantic Charter</a></b></div></div></div>

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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/14/newsid_3536000/3536533.stm">Secret meetings seal US-Britain alliance</a>, BBC</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/subject_menus/atmenu.asp">The Atlantic Conference</a> from the Avalon Project</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081210111547/http://teachingamericanhistory.org/library/index.asp?document=919">Letter from The Ambassador Patrick J. Hurley to the US Secretary of State</a> TEHRAN, 14 April 1945. Describing meeting with Churchill, where Churchill vehemently states that the UK is in no way bound to the principles of the Atlantic Charter.</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/wwii/atlantic.asp">The Atlantic Charter</a></li></ul>

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</style><div id="Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II142" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomatic history of World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">Conferences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="U.S.%E2%80%93British_Staff_Conference_(ABC%E2%80%931)" title="U.S.–British Staff Conference (ABC–1)">U.S.–British Staff Conference</a> (1941)</li>

<li><a href="Declaration_of_St_James's_Palace" title="Declaration of St James's Palace">First Inter-Allied Conference</a> (1941)</li>

<li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Acceptance_by_Inter-Allied_Council_and_United_Nations">Second Inter-Allied Conference</a> (1941)</li>

<li><a href="Moscow_Conference_(1941)" title="Moscow Conference (1941)">First Moscow Conference</a> (1941)</li>

<li><a href="Arcadia_Conference" title="Arcadia Conference">Arcadia Conference</a> (1941– 1942)</li>

<li><a href="Punishment_for_War_Crimes" title="Punishment for War Crimes">Third Inter-Allied Conference</a> (1942)</li>

<li><a href="Second_Washington_Conference" title="Second Washington Conference">Second Washington Conference</a> (1942)</li>

<li><a href="Moscow_Conference_(1942)" title="Moscow Conference (1942)">Second Moscow Conference</a> (1942)</li>

<li><a href="Casablanca_Conference" title="Casablanca Conference">Casablanca Conference</a> (1943)</li>

<li><a href="Adana_Conference" title="Adana Conference">Adana Conference</a> (1943)</li>

<li><a href="Washington_Conference_(1943)" title="Washington Conference (1943)">Third Washington Conference</a> (1943)</li>

<li><a href="First_Quebec_Conference" title="First Quebec Conference">First Quebec Conference</a> (1943)</li>

<li><a href="Moscow_Conference_(1943)" title="Moscow Conference (1943)">Third Moscow Conference</a> (1943)</li>

<li><a href="Cairo_Conference" title="Cairo Conference">Cairo Conference</a> (1943)</li>

<li><a href="Greater_East_Asia_Conference" title="Greater East Asia Conference">Greater East Asia Conference</a> (1943)</li>

<li><b><a href="Tehran_Conference" title="Tehran Conference">Tehran Conference</a></b> (1943)</li>

<li><a href="Second_Cairo_Conference" title="Second Cairo Conference">Second Cairo Conference</a> (1943)</li>

<li><a href="1944_Commonwealth_Prime_Ministers'_Conference" title="1944 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference">Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference</a> (1944)</li>

<li><a href="Bretton_Woods_Conference" title="Bretton Woods Conference">Bretton Woods Conference</a> (1944)</li>

<li><a href="Dumbarton_Oaks_Conference" title="Dumbarton Oaks Conference">Dumbarton Oaks Conference</a> (1944)</li>

<li><a href="Second_Quebec_Conference" title="Second Quebec Conference">Second Quebec Conference</a> (1944)</li>

<li><a href="Moscow_Conference_(1944)" title="Moscow Conference (1944)">Fourth Moscow Conference</a> (1944)</li>

<li><a href="Malta_Conference_(1945)" title="Malta Conference (1945)">Malta Conference</a> (1945)</li>

<li><b><a href="Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a></b> (1945)</li>

<li><a href="United_Nations_Conference_on_International_Organization" title="United Nations Conference on International Organization">United Nations Conference on International Organization</a> (1945)</li>

<li><b><a href="Potsdam_Conference" title="Potsdam Conference">Potsdam Conference</a></b> (1945)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Declarations<br>and treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a> (1938)</li>

<li><a href="Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a> (1939)</li>

<li><a href="Pact_of_Steel" title="Pact of Steel">Pact of Steel</a> (1939)</li>

<li><a href="Anglo-Thai_Non-Aggression_Pact" title="Anglo-Thai Non-Aggression Pact">Anglo-Thai Non-Aggression Pact</a> (1940)</li>

<li><a href="Destroyers-for-bases_deal" title="Destroyers-for-bases deal">Destroyers-for-bases deal</a> (1940)</li>

<li><a href="Franco-Italian_Armistice" title="Franco-Italian Armistice">Franco-Italian Armistice</a> (1940)</li>

<li><a href="Moscow_Peace_Treaty" title="Moscow Peace Treaty">Moscow Peace Treaty</a> (1940)</li>

<li><a href="Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a> (1940)</li>

<li><a href="Declaration_of_St_James's_Palace" title="Declaration of St James's Palace">Declaration of St James's Palace</a> (1941)</li>

<li><a href="Anglo-Soviet_Agreement" title="Anglo-Soviet Agreement">Anglo-Soviet Agreement</a> (1941)</li>

<li><a href="Armistice_of_Saint_Jean_d'Acre" title="Armistice of Saint Jean d'Acre">Armistice of Saint Jean d'Acre</a> (1941)</li>

<li><a href="German%E2%80%93Turkish_Treaty_of_Friendship" title="German–Turkish Treaty of Friendship">German–Turkish Treaty of Friendship</a> (1941)</li>

<li><a href="Paris_Protocols" title="Paris Protocols">Paris Protocols</a> (1941)</li>

<li><a href="Declaration_by_United_Nations" title="Declaration by United Nations">Declaration by United Nations</a> (1942)</li>

<li><a href="Punishment_for_War_Crimes" title="Punishment for War Crimes">Punishment for War Crimes</a> (1942)</li>

<li><a href="Anglo-Soviet_Treaty_of_1942" title="Anglo-Soviet Treaty of 1942">Anglo-Soviet Treaty of 1942</a> (1942)</li>

<li><a href="Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a> (1943)</li>

<li><a href="1943_Cairo_Declaration" title="1943 Cairo Declaration">Cairo Declaration</a> (1943)</li>

<li><a href="Moscow_Declarations" title="Moscow Declarations">Moscow Declarations</a> (1943)

<ul><li><a href="Declaration_of_the_Four_Nations" title="Declaration of the Four Nations">Declaration of the Four Nations</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Treaty_between_the_United_States_and_China_for_the_Relinquishment_of_Extraterritorial_Rights_in_China" title="Treaty between the United States and China for the Relinquishment of Extraterritorial Rights in China">Treaty between the United States and China for the Relinquishment of Extraterritorial Rights in China</a></li>

<li><a href="Sino-British_Treaty_for_the_Relinquishment_of_Extra-Territorial_Rights_in_China" title="Sino-British Treaty for the Relinquishment of Extra-Territorial Rights in China">Sino-British Treaty for the Relinquishment of Extra-Territorial Rights in China</a> (1943)</li>

<li><a href="Moscow_Armistice" title="Moscow Armistice">Moscow Armistice</a> (1944)</li>

<li><a href="Nuremberg_Charter" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Charter">Nuremberg Charter</a> (1945)</li>

<li><a href="Potsdam_Agreement" title="Potsdam Agreement">Potsdam Agreement</a> (1945)</li>

<li><a href="Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a> (1945)</li>

<li><a href="Charter_of_the_United_Nations" title="Charter of the United Nations">United Nations Charter</a> (1945)</li>

<li><a href="Paris_Peace_Treaties%2C_1947" title="Paris Peace Treaties, 1947">Paris Peace Treaties</a> (1947)</li>

<li><a href="Treaty_of_San_Francisco" title="Treaty of San Francisco">Treaty of San Francisco</a> (1951)</li>

<li><a href="Austrian_State_Treaty" title="Austrian State Treaty">Austrian State Treaty</a> (1955)</li>

<li><a href="Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a> (1990)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Anglo-French_Supreme_War_Council" title="Anglo-French Supreme War Council">Anglo-French Supreme War Council</a></li>

<li><a href="Sino-American_Cooperative_Organization" title="Sino-American Cooperative Organization">Sino-American Cooperative Organization</a></li>

<li><a href="European_Advisory_Commission" title="European Advisory Commission">European Advisory Commission</a></li>

<li><a href="Council_of_Foreign_Ministers" title="Council of Foreign Ministers">Council of Foreign Ministers</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">German Instrument of Surrender</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">Japanese Instrument of Surrender</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Winston_Churchill35" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Winston_Churchill35" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Early_life_of_Winston_Churchill" title="Early life of Winston Churchill">Early life, 1874–1904</a></li>

<li><a href="Winston_Churchill_in_politics%2C_1900%E2%80%931939" title="Winston Churchill in politics, 1900–1939">In politics, 1900–1939</a>

<ul><li><a href="Winston_Churchill's_Liberal_Party_years%2C_1904%E2%80%931924" title="Winston Churchill's Liberal Party years, 1904–1924">Liberal Party, 1904–1924</a></li>

<li><a href="Chancellorship_of_Winston_Churchill" title="Chancellorship of Winston Churchill">Chancellor, 1924–1929</a></li>

<li><a href="Winston_Churchill's_%22Wilderness%22_years%2C_1929%E2%80%931939" title="Winston Churchill's "Wilderness" years, 1929–1939">"Wilderness" years, 1929–1939</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Winston_Churchill_in_the_Second_World_War" title="Winston Churchill in the Second World War">World War II, 1939–1945</a></li>

<li><a href="Later_life_of_Winston_Churchill" title="Later life of Winston Churchill">Later life, 1945–1965</a></li>

<li><a href="Electoral_history_of_Winston_Churchill" title="Electoral history of Winston Churchill">Electoral history</a></li>

<li><a href="Winston_Churchill_as_a_painter" title="Winston Churchill as a painter">As a painter</a></li>

<li><a href="Winston_Churchill_as_a_writer" title="Winston Churchill as a writer">As a writer</a></li>

<li><a href="Racial_views_of_Winston_Churchill" title="Racial views of Winston Churchill">Racial views</a></li>

<li><a href="Death_and_state_funeral_of_Winston_Churchill" title="Death and state funeral of Winston Churchill">Death and funeral</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ministries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Churchill_war_ministry" title="Churchill war ministry">Churchill war ministry, 1940–1945</a>

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_Winston_Churchill's_first_premiership" title="Timeline of Winston Churchill's first premiership">timeline</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">conferences</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Churchill_caretaker_ministry" title="Churchill caretaker ministry">Churchill caretaker ministry, 1945</a></li>

<li><a href="Third_Churchill_ministry" title="Third Churchill ministry">Churchill's third ministry, 1951–1955</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Winston_Churchill_as_a_writer" title="Winston Churchill as a writer">Writings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="The_Story_of_the_Malakand_Field_Force" title="The Story of the Malakand Field Force"><i>The Story of the Malakand Field Force</i> (1898)</a></li>

<li><a href="Savrola" title="Savrola"><i>Savrola</i> (1899 novel)</a></li>

<li><a href="The_River_War" title="The River War"><i>The River War</i> (1899)</a></li>

<li><a href="London_to_Ladysmith_via_Pretoria" title="London to Ladysmith via Pretoria"><i>London to Ladysmith via Pretoria</i> (1900)</a></li>

<li><a href="Ian_Hamilton's_March" title="Ian Hamilton's March"><i>Ian Hamilton's March</i> (1900)</a></li>

<li><a href="Lord_Randolph_Churchill_(book)" title="Lord Randolph Churchill (book)"><i>Lord Randolph Churchill</i> (1906)</a></li>

<li><a href="The_World_Crisis" title="The World Crisis"><i>The World Crisis</i> (1923–1931, five volumes)</a></li>

<li><a href="My_Early_Life" title="My Early Life"><i>My Early Life</i> (1930)</a></li>

<li><a href="Marlborough%3A_His_Life_and_Times" title="Marlborough: His Life and Times"><i>Marlborough: His Life and Times</i> (1933–1938, four volumes)</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Contemporaries" title="Great Contemporaries"><i>Great Contemporaries</i> (1937)</a></li>

<li><a href="Arms_and_the_Covenant" title="Arms and the Covenant"><i>Arms and the Covenant</i> (1938)</a></li>

<li><a href="Are_There_Men_on_the_Moon%3F" title="Are There Men on the Moon?">"Are There Men on the Moon?" (1942)</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Second_World_War_(book_series)" title="The Second World War (book series)"><i>The Second World War</i> (1948–1953, six volumes)</a></li>

<li><a href="A_History_of_the_English-Speaking_Peoples" title="A History of the English-Speaking Peoples"><i>A History of the English-Speaking Peoples</i> (1956–1958, four volumes)</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Collected_Works_of_Sir_Winston_Churchill" title="The Collected Works of Sir Winston Churchill"><i>Collected Works</i>, 34 volumes, published 1973.</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>"<a href="A_total_and_unmitigated_defeat" title="A total and unmitigated defeat">A total and unmitigated defeat</a>"</li>

<li>"<a href="Blood%2C_toil%2C_tears_and_sweat" title="Blood, toil, tears and sweat">Blood, toil, tears and sweat</a>"</li>

<li>"<a href="Be_ye_men_of_valour" title="Be ye men of valour">Be ye men of valour</a>"</li>

<li>"<a href="We_shall_fight_on_the_beaches" title="We shall fight on the beaches">We shall fight on the beaches</a>"</li>

<li>"<a href="This_was_their_finest_hour" title="This was their finest hour">This was their finest hour</a>"</li>

<li>"<a href="Never_was_so_much_owed_by_so_many_to_so_few" title="Never was so much owed by so many to so few">Never was so much owed by so many to so few</a>"</li>

<li>"<a href="Iron_Curtain#Churchill_speech" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a>"</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy and<br>depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bibliography_of_Winston_Churchill" title="Bibliography of Winston Churchill">Bibliography of Winston Churchill</a></li>

<li><a href="Honours_of_Winston_Churchill" class="mw-redirect" title="Honours of Winston Churchill">Honours</a></li>

<li><a href="International_Churchill_Society" title="International Churchill Society">International Churchill Society</a></li>

<li><a href="Churchill_War_Rooms" title="Churchill War Rooms">Churchill War Rooms and Museum</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Churchill_Museum" title="National Churchill Museum">National Churchill Museum</a> (Fulton, Missouri)</li>

<li><a href="Churchill_College%2C_Cambridge" title="Churchill College, Cambridge">Churchill College, Cambridge</a>

<ul><li><a href="Churchill_Archives_Centre" title="Churchill Archives Centre">Churchill Archives Centre</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Winston_Churchill_Memorial_Trusts" title="Winston Churchill Memorial Trusts">Memorial Trusts</a></li>

<li><a href="Winston_Churchill_School_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Winston Churchill School (disambiguation)">Schools and higher education (various)</a></li>

<li><a href="Winston_Churchill_Boulevard" title="Winston Churchill Boulevard">Boulevard in Mississauga, Ontario</a>

<ul><li>others</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Bust_of_Winston_Churchill_(Epstein)" title="Bust of Winston Churchill (Epstein)">Epstein busts</a></li>

<li><a href="Bust_of_Winston_Churchill%2C_Mishkenot_Sha'ananim" title="Bust of Winston Churchill, Mishkenot Sha'ananim">Mishkenot Sha'ananim bust, Israel</a></li>

<li><i><a href="The_Roaring_Lion" title="The Roaring Lion">The Roaring Lion</a></i></li>

<li><a href="Portrait_of_Winston_Churchill_(Sutherland)" title="Portrait of Winston Churchill (Sutherland)">Sutherland portrait</a></li>

<li><a href="Cultural_depictions_of_Winston_Churchill" title="Cultural depictions of Winston Churchill">Cultural depictions</a></li>

<li>"<a href="Churchillian_Drift" title="Churchillian Drift">Churchillian Drift</a>"</li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Statues7" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li>London

<ul><li><a href="Statue_of_Winston_Churchill%2C_Palace_of_Westminster" title="Statue of Winston Churchill, Palace of Westminster">Palace of Westminster</a></li>

<li><a href="Statue_of_Winston_Churchill%2C_Parliament_Square" title="Statue of Winston Churchill, Parliament Square">Parliament Square</a></li>

<li><a href="Statue_of_Winston_Churchill%2C_Woodford" title="Statue of Winston Churchill, Woodford">Woodford</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Statue_of_Winston_Churchill_(Halifax)" title="Statue of Winston Churchill (Halifax)">Halifax</a></li>

<li><a href="Statue_of_Winston_Churchill%2C_Paris" title="Statue of Winston Churchill, Paris">Paris</a></li>

<li><a href="Statue_of_Winston_Churchill_(Toronto)" title="Statue of Winston Churchill (Toronto)">Toronto</a></li>

<li><a href="Statue_of_Winston_Churchill_(Washington%2C_D.C.)" title="Statue of Winston Churchill (Washington, D.C.)">Washington, D.C.</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Blenheim_Palace" title="Blenheim Palace">Blenheim Palace</a></li>

<li><a href="Chartwell" title="Chartwell">Chartwell</a></li>

<li><a href="Norway_Debate" title="Norway Debate">Norway Debate</a></li>

<li>"<a href="Operation_Unthinkable" title="Operation Unthinkable">Operation Unthinkable</a>"</li>

<li><a href="Winston_Churchill's_political_ideology" class="mw-redirect" title="Winston Churchill's political ideology">Political ideology</a></li>

<li><a href="Siege_of_Sidney_Street" title="Siege of Sidney Street">Siege of Sidney Street</a></li>

<li><a href="St_Martin's_Church%2C_Bladon" title="St Martin's Church, Bladon">St Martin's Church, Bladon</a></li>

<li>"<a href="Sword_of_Stalingrad" title="Sword of Stalingrad">Sword of Stalingrad</a>"</li>

<li>"<a href="Terminological_inexactitude" title="Terminological inexactitude">Terminological inexactitude</a>"</li>

<li>"<a href="The_Other_Club" title="The Other Club">The Other Club</a>"</li>

<li><a href="Tonypandy_riots" title="Tonypandy riots">Tonypandy riots</a></li>

<li><a href="1940_British_war_cabinet_crisis" title="1940 British war cabinet crisis">1940 British war cabinet crisis</a></li>

<li><a href="Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li>

<li><a href="Honorary_citizenship_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorary citizenship of the United States">Honorary U.S. citizenship</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Family_of_Winston_Churchill" title="Family of Winston Churchill">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Clementine_Churchill" title="Clementine Churchill">Clementine Churchill</a> (wife)</li>

<li><a href="Diana_Churchill" title="Diana Churchill">Diana Churchill</a> (daughter)</li>

<li><a href="Randolph_Churchill" title="Randolph Churchill">Randolph Churchill</a> (son)</li>

<li><a href="Sarah_Churchill_(actress)" title="Sarah Churchill (actress)">Sarah Churchill</a> (daughter)</li>

<li><a href="Tomb_of_Marigold_Churchill" title="Tomb of Marigold Churchill">Marigold Churchill</a> (daughter)</li>

<li><a href="Mary_Soames" title="Mary Soames">Mary Soames</a> (daughter)</li>

<li><a href="Winston_Churchill_(1940%E2%80%932010)" title="Winston Churchill (1940–2010)">Winston Churchill</a> (grandson)</li>

<li><a href="Lord_Randolph_Churchill" title="Lord Randolph Churchill">Lord Randolph Churchill</a> (father)</li>

<li><a href="Lady_Randolph_Churchill" title="Lady Randolph Churchill">Jennie Jerome, Lady Randolph Churchill</a> (mother)</li>

<li><a href="Jack_Churchill_(1880%E2%80%931947)" title="Jack Churchill (1880–1947)">Jack Churchill</a> (brother)</li>

<li><a href="John_Spencer-Churchill%2C_7th_Duke_of_Marlborough" title="John Spencer-Churchill, 7th Duke of Marlborough">John Spencer-Churchill</a> (grandfather)</li>

<li><a href="Frances_Anne_Spencer-Churchill%2C_Duchess_of_Marlborough" title="Frances Anne Spencer-Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough">Frances Anne Spencer-Churchill</a> (grandmother)</li>

<li><a href="Leonard_Jerome" title="Leonard Jerome">Leonard Jerome</a> (grandfather)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Franklin_D._Roosevelt1081" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Franklin_D._Roosevelt1081" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">32nd</a> <a href="President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1933–1945)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="List_of_governors_of_New_York" title="List of governors of New York">44th</a> <a href="Governor_of_New_York" title="Governor of New York">Governor of New York</a> (1929–1932)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="Assistant_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="Assistant Secretary of the Navy">Assistant Secretary of the Navy</a> (1913–1920)</span></li>

<li><span class="nowrap"><a href="List_of_New_York_state_senators" title="List of New York state senators">New York State Senator</a> (1911–1913)</span></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt">Presidency</a><br>(<a href="Timeline_of_the_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_presidency" title="Timeline of the Franklin D. Roosevelt presidency">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Presidential_transition_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Presidential transition of Franklin D. Roosevelt">Transition</a></li>

<li>Inaugurations (<a href="First_inauguration_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="First inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt">1st</a></li>

<li><a href="Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_(1933%E2%80%931941)" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt (1933–1941)">First and second terms</a></li>

<li><a href="Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_(1941%E2%80%931945)" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt (1941–1945)">Third and fourth terms</a></li>

<li><a href="Foreign_policy_of_the_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration">Foreign policy</a></li>

<ul><li>overview</li>

<li><a href="New_Deal_coalition" title="New Deal coalition">New Deal coalition</a></li>

<li><a href="First_100_days_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt's_presidency" title="First 100 days of Franklin D. Roosevelt's presidency">First 100 days</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_New_Deal" title="Second New Deal">Second New Deal</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Federal_Emergency_Relief_Administration" title="Federal Emergency Relief Administration">Federal Emergency Relief Administration</a></li>

<li><a href="Civilian_Conservation_Corps" title="Civilian Conservation Corps">Civilian Conservation Corps</a></li>

<li><a href="Agricultural_Adjustment_Act" title="Agricultural Adjustment Act">Agricultural Adjustment Act</a></li>

<li><a href="Emergency_Banking_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergency Banking Act">Emergency Banking Act</a></li>

<li><a href="Federal-Aid_Highway_Act_of_1944" title="Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944">Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1944</a></li>

<li><a href="Fish_and_Wildlife_Coordination_Act" title="Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act">Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act</a></li>

<li><a href="Tennessee_Valley_Authority" title="Tennessee Valley Authority">Tennessee Valley Authority</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Labor_Relations_Act_of_1935" title="National Labor Relations Act of 1935">National Labor Relations Act of 1935</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Industrial_Recovery_Act_of_1933" title="National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933">National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933</a>

<ul><li><a href="Public_Works_Administration" title="Public Works Administration">Public Works Administration</a></li>

<li><a href="National_Recovery_Administration" title="National Recovery Administration">National Recovery Administration</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration">Works Progress Administration</a>

<ul><li><a href="National_Youth_Administration" title="National Youth Administration">National Youth Administration</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Social_Security_Act" title="Social Security Act">Social Security Act</a>

<ul><li><a href="Aid_to_Families_with_Dependent_Children" title="Aid to Families with Dependent Children">Aid to Families with Dependent Children</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Communications_Act_of_1934" title="Communications Act of 1934">Communications Act of 1934</a>

<ul><li><a href="Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="United_States_Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" title="United States Securities and Exchange Commission">Securities and Exchange Commission</a></li>

<li><a href="Executive_Order_6102" title="Executive Order 6102">Monetary gold ownership</a>

<ul><li><a href="Gold_Reserve_Act" title="Gold Reserve Act">Gold Reserve Act</a></li>

<li><a href="Executive_Order_6814" title="Executive Order 6814">Silver seizure</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Franklin_D._Roosevelt_and_civil_rights" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt and civil rights">Record on civil rights</a>

<ul><li><a href="Executive_Order_8802" title="Executive Order 8802">Defense industry non-discrimination</a></li>

<li><a href="Fair_Employment_Practice_Committee" title="Fair Employment Practice Committee">Fair Employment Practice Committee</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Indian_Reorganization_Act" title="Indian Reorganization Act">Indian Reorganization Act</a></li>

<li><a href="Executive_Order_9066" title="Executive Order 9066">Executive Orders 9066,</a><a href="Executive_Order_9102" title="Executive Order 9102"> 9102</a>

<ul><li><a href="War_Relocation_Authority" title="War Relocation Authority">War Relocation Authority</a></li>

<li><a href="Internment_of_Japanese_Americans" title="Internment of Japanese Americans">Japanese American internment</a></li>

<li><a href="Internment_of_German_Americans" title="Internment of German Americans">German-American internment</a></li>

<li><a href="Internment_of_Italian_Americans" title="Internment of Italian Americans">Italian-American internment</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Brownlow_Committee" title="Brownlow Committee">Brownlow Committee</a></li>

<li><a href="Executive_Office_of_the_President_of_the_United_States#History" title="Executive Office of the President of the United States">Executive Office of the President</a></li>

<li><a href="G.I._Bill" title="G.I. Bill">G.I. Bill of Rights</a></li>

<li><a href="Cullen%E2%80%93Harrison_Act" title="Cullen–Harrison Act">Cullen–Harrison Act</a></li>

<li><a href="Roerich_Pact" title="Roerich Pact">Roerich Pact</a></li>

<li><a href="Four_Freedoms" title="Four Freedoms">Four Freedoms</a>

<ul><li><i><a href="Four_Freedoms_Monument" title="Four Freedoms Monument">Four Freedoms Monument</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Black_Cabinet" title="Black Cabinet">Black Cabinet</a></li>

<li><a href="Jefferson's_Birthday" title="Jefferson's Birthday">Jefferson's Birthday holiday</a></li>

<li><a href="Jefferson_Memorial" title="Jefferson Memorial">Jefferson Memorial</a></li>

<li><a href="Judicial_Procedures_Reform_Bill_of_1937" title="Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937">Judicial Court-Packing Bill</a></li>

<li><a href="Cannabis_policy_of_the_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_administration" title="Cannabis policy of the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration">Cannabis policy</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="List of federal judges appointed by Franklin D. Roosevelt">Federal Judicial appointments</a>

<ul><li><a href="Franklin_D._Roosevelt_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court</a></li>

<li><a href="Harlan_F._Stone_Supreme_Court_nomination" class="mw-redirect" title="Harlan F. Stone Supreme Court nomination">Harlan F. Stone Supreme Court nomination</a></li>

<li><a href="Wiley_Rutledge_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Wiley Rutledge Supreme Court nomination">Wiley Rutledge Supreme Court nomination</a></li></ul></li>

<li>Cabinet</li>

<li><a href="Brain_trust#Roosevelt's_"Brain_Trust"" title="Brain trust">"Brain Trust"</a></li>

<li><a href="March_of_Dimes" title="March of Dimes">March of Dimes</a></li>

<li><a href="Oval_Office#Modern_Oval_Office:_1934–present" title="Oval Office">Modern Oval Office</a></li>

<li><a href="Sunshine_Special_(automobile)" title="Sunshine Special (automobile)">Official car</a></li>

<li><a href="Criticism_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Criticism of Franklin D. Roosevelt">Criticism</a>

<ul><li><a href="Franksgiving" title="Franksgiving">Franksgiving</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt/Executive_orders" class="extiw external" title="wikisource:Author:Franklin Delano Roosevelt/Executive orders">Executive Orders</a></li>

<li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw external" title="wikisource:Author:Franklin Delano Roosevelt/Presidential Proclamations">Presidential Proclamations</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Foreign_policy_of_the_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Franklin D. Roosevelt administration">Presidential<br>foreign policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Banana_Wars" title="Banana Wars">Banana Wars</a>

<ul><li><a href="United_States_occupation_of_Nicaragua" title="United States occupation of Nicaragua">U.S. occupation of Nicaragua, 1912–1933</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States_occupation_of_Haiti" title="United States occupation of Haiti">U.S. occupation of Haiti, 1915–1934</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Good_Neighbor_policy" title="Good Neighbor policy">Good Neighbor Policy (1933–1945)</a></li>

<li><a href="Montevideo_Convention" title="Montevideo Convention">Montevideo Convention (1933)</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_London_Naval_Treaty" title="Second London Naval Treaty">Second London Naval Treaty (1936)</a></li>

<li><a href="Export_Control_Act" title="Export Control Act">Export Control Act</a></li>

<li><a href="Four_Policemen" title="Four Policemen">Four Policemen</a></li>

<li><a href="Destroyers-for-bases_deal" title="Destroyers-for-bases deal">Destroyers-for-bases deal</a></li>

<li><a href="Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></li>

<li><a href="Selective_Training_and_Service_Act_of_1940" title="Selective Training and Service Act of 1940">1940 Selective Service Act</a></li>

<li><a href="Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">Military history of the United States during World War II</a>

<ul><li><a href="Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front during World War II</a></li>

<li><a href="Combined_Munitions_Assignments_Board" title="Combined Munitions Assignments Board">Combined Munitions Assignments Board</a></li>

<li><a href="War_Production_Board" title="War Production Board">War Production Board</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Declaration_by_United_Nations" title="Declaration by United Nations">Declaration by United Nations (1942)</a>

<ul><li><a href="Dumbarton_Oaks_Conference" title="Dumbarton Oaks Conference">Dumbarton Oaks Conference</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">World War II conferences</a></li>

<li><a href="Quebec_Agreement" title="Quebec Agreement">Quebec Agreement</a></li>

<li><a href="Europe_first" title="Europe first">Europe first</a></li>

<li><a href="Morgenthau_Plan#Roosevelt's_support_for_the_plan" title="Morgenthau Plan">Morgenthau Plan support</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential<br>speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="1932_Democratic_National_Convention#Roosevelt's_acceptance_speech" title="1932 Democratic National Convention">1932 Acceptance speech</a></li>

<li><a href="Commonwealth_Club_Address" title="Commonwealth Club Address">Commonwealth Club Address</a></li>

<li><a href="1936_Madison_Square_Garden_speech" title="1936 Madison Square Garden speech">Madison Square Garden speech</a></li>

<li>"<a href="Four_Freedoms" title="Four Freedoms">Four Freedoms</a>"</li>

<li><a href="Day_of_Infamy_speech" title="Day of Infamy speech">Day of Infamy speech</a></li>

<li><a href="Arsenal_of_Democracy" title="Arsenal of Democracy">Arsenal of Democracy</a></li>

<li><a href="First_inauguration_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt#Inaugural_address" title="First inauguration of Franklin D. Roosevelt">"...is fear itself"</a></li>

<li><a href="Fireside_chats" title="Fireside chats">Fireside chats</a></li>

<li>"<a href="Look_to_Norway" title="Look to Norway">Look to Norway</a>"</li>

<li><a href="Quarantine_Speech" title="Quarantine Speech">Quarantine Speech</a></li>

<li>"<a href="The_More_Abundant_Life" title="The More Abundant Life">The More Abundant Life</a>"</li>

<li><a href="1934_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1934 State of the Union Address">State of the Union Address (1934</a></li>

<li><a href="Four_Freedoms" title="Four Freedoms">1941 (Four Freedoms)</a></li>

<li><a href="Second_Bill_of_Rights" title="Second Bill of Rights">1944 (Second Bill of Rights)</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Franklin_D._Roosevelt#Early_life_and_marriage" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Early life, education, career</a></li>

<li><a href="Warm_Springs_Historic_District" title="Warm Springs Historic District">Warm Springs Institute</a></li>

<li><a href="Governorship_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Governorship of Franklin D. Roosevelt">Governorship of New York</a></li>

<li><a href="Business_Plot" title="Business Plot">Business Plot</a></li>

<li><a href="Attempted_assassination_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Attempted assassination of Franklin D. Roosevelt">Assassination attempt</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Electoral_history_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Electoral history of Franklin D. Roosevelt">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="1928_New_York_state_election" title="1928 New York state election">1928 New York state election</a></li>

<li><a href="1920_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1920 Democratic National Convention">Democratic National Convention, 1920</a></li>

<li><a href="1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920 United States presidential election</a></li>

<ul><li><a href="Happy_Days_Are_Here_Again#In_popular_culture" title="Happy Days Are Here Again">theme song</a></li></ul></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life and homes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Franklin_D._Roosevelt#Personal_life" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Early life and education</a>

<ul><li><a href="Groton_School" title="Groton School">Groton School</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Home_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_National_Historic_Site" title="Home of Franklin D. Roosevelt National Historic Site">Springwood birthplace, home, and gravesite</a></li>

<li><a href="Adams_House_(Harvard_College)" title="Adams House (Harvard College)">Adams House</a>

<ul><li><a href="FDR_Suite_at_Adams_House%2C_Harvard_University" title="FDR Suite at Adams House, Harvard University">FDR Suite</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Roosevelt_Campobello_International_Park" title="Roosevelt Campobello International Park">Campobello home</a></li>

<li><a href="Paralytic_illness_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Paralytic illness of Franklin D. Roosevelt">Paralytic illness</a></li>

<li><a href="New_York_State_Executive_Mansion" title="New York State Executive Mansion">New York State Executive Mansion</a></li>

<li><a href="Top_Cottage" title="Top Cottage">Top Cottage</a></li>

<li><a href="Little_White_House" title="Little White House">Little White House, Warm Springs, Georgia</a></li>

<li><a href="Ferdinand_Magellan_(railcar)" title="Ferdinand Magellan (railcar)"><i>Ferdinand Magellan</i> railcar</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bibliography_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Bibliography of Franklin D. Roosevelt">Bibliography</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_statues_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="List of statues of Franklin D. Roosevelt">Statues</a></li>

<li><a href="Franklin_D._Roosevelt_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum">Presidential Library and Museum</a>

<ul><li><a href="Roosevelt_Institute" title="Roosevelt Institute">Roosevelt Institute</a></li>

<li><a href="Roosevelt_Institute_Campus_Network" title="Roosevelt Institute Campus Network">Roosevelt Institute Campus Network</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt_Foundation" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt Foundation">Franklin Delano Roosevelt Foundation</a></li>

<li><a href="Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt_Memorial" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial">Franklin Delano Roosevelt Memorial</a></li>

<li><a href="Roosevelt_Island" title="Roosevelt Island">Roosevelt Island</a>

<ul><li><a href="Franklin_D._Roosevelt_Four_Freedoms_Park" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Park">Four Freedoms Park</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Roosevelt_Room" title="Roosevelt Room">White House Roosevelt Room</a></li>

<li><a href="Roosevelt_Institute_for_American_Studies" title="Roosevelt Institute for American Studies">Roosevelt Institute for American Studies</a></li>

<li><a href="USS_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_(CV-42)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Franklin D. Roosevelt (CV-42)">USS <i>Franklin D. Roosevelt</i></a></li>

<li><a href="USS_Roosevelt_(DDG-80)" title="USS Roosevelt (DDG-80)">USS <i>Roosevelt</i></a></li>

<li><a href="Four_Freedoms_Award" title="Four Freedoms Award">Four Freedoms Award</a></li>

<li><a href="Four_Freedoms_(Rockwell)" title="Four Freedoms (Rockwell)"><i>Four Freedoms</i> paintings</a></li>

<li><a href="Unfinished_portrait_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Unfinished portrait of Franklin D. Roosevelt"><i>Unfinished portrait</i></a></li>

<li><a href="Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. Postage stamps</a></li>

<li><a href="Roosevelt_dime" title="Roosevelt dime">Roosevelt dime</a></li>

<li><a href="I'd_Rather_Be_Right" title="I'd Rather Be Right"><i>I'd Rather Be Right</i> 1937 musical</a></li>

<li>Films

<ul><li><a href="The_Roosevelt_Story" title="The Roosevelt Story"><i>The Roosevelt Story</i> 1947</a></li>

<li><a href="Sunrise_at_Campobello" title="Sunrise at Campobello"><i>Sunrise at Campobello</i> 1960</a></li>

<li><a href="Eleanor_and_Franklin_(miniseries)" title="Eleanor and Franklin (miniseries)"><i>Eleanor and Franklin</i> 1976,</a> <a href="Eleanor_and_Franklin%3A_The_White_House_Years" title="Eleanor and Franklin: The White House Years"><i>The White House Years</i> 1977</a></li>

<li><a href="Backstairs_at_the_White_House" title="Backstairs at the White House"><i>Backstairs at the White House</i> 1979 miniseries</a></li>

<li><a href="World_War_II%3A_When_Lions_Roared" title="World War II: When Lions Roared"><i>World War II: When Lions Roared</i> 1997 miniseries</a></li>

<li><a href="Warm_Springs_(film)" title="Warm Springs (film)"><i>Warm Springs</i> 2005</a></li>

<li><a href="Hyde_Park_on_Hudson" title="Hyde Park on Hudson"><i>Hyde Park on Hudson</i> 2012</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Roosevelts_(miniseries)" title="The Roosevelts (miniseries)"><i>The Roosevelts</i> 2014 documentary</a></li>

<li><a href="The_First_Lady_(American_TV_series)" title="The First Lady (American TV series)"><i>The First Lady</i> 2022 miniseries</a></li>

<li><a href="FDR_(miniseries)" title="FDR (miniseries)"><i>FDR</i> 2023 miniseries</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Six_Triple_Eight" title="The Six Triple Eight"><i>The Six Triple Eight</i> 2024 film</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="List_of_memorials_to_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="List of memorials to Franklin D. Roosevelt">Other namesakes</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family<br>(<a href="Roosevelt_family" title="Roosevelt family">Roosevelt</a><br> • <a href="Delano_family" title="Delano family">Delano</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a> (wife)</li>

<li><a href="Anna_Roosevelt_Halsted" title="Anna Roosevelt Halsted">Anna Roosevelt Halsted</a> (daughter)</li>

<li><a href="James_Roosevelt" title="James Roosevelt">James Roosevelt II</a> (son)</li>

<li><a href="Elliott_Roosevelt_(general)" title="Elliott Roosevelt (general)">Elliott Roosevelt</a> (son)</li>

<li><a href="Franklin_D._Roosevelt_Jr." title="Franklin D. Roosevelt Jr.">Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr.</a> (son)</li>

<li><a href="John_Aspinwall_Roosevelt" title="John Aspinwall Roosevelt">John Aspinwall Roosevelt II</a> (son)</li>

<li><a href="James_Roosevelt_I" title="James Roosevelt I">James Roosevelt I</a> (father)</li>

<li><a href="Sara_Roosevelt" title="Sara Roosevelt">Sara Ann Delano</a> (mother)</li>

<li><a href="James_Roosevelt_Roosevelt" title="James Roosevelt Roosevelt">James Roosevelt Roosevelt</a> (half-brother)</li>

<li><a href="Isaac_Roosevelt_(businessman)" title="Isaac Roosevelt (businessman)">Isaac Roosevelt</a> (grandfather)</li>

<li><a href="Warren_Delano_Jr." title="Warren Delano Jr.">Warren Delano Jr.</a> (grandfather)</li>

<li><a href="Fala_(dog)" title="Fala (dog)">Fala</a> (family dog)</li>

<li><a href="Major_(Franklin_D._Roosevelt's_dog)" title="Major (Franklin D. Roosevelt's dog)">Major</a> (family dog)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><b><a href="Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">← Herbert Hoover</a></b></li>

<li><b><a href="Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman →</a></b></li></ul>

<ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</b></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181978#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1127" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181978#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1127" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/181917750">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4289375-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n90608719">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Atlantic Charter (1941 srpen 14.)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=unn2008491278&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007258082605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/03086299X">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10637708">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div><div><div class="zim-footer">

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